Women's Health

Intolerances differ significantly from allergies. Unlike allergies, intolerances may vary from situation to situation, while an allergy always produces the same reaction.  Intolerances are caused by the body’s inability to process specific substances and may cause bloating, digestive problems such as gas and/or diarrhea, fatigue, headaches and even the inability to lose weight or weight gain.

Symptoms may be difficult to link to specific foods, environmental substances or food additives because they may not occur until hours or days later.  To complicate the situation, each individual has a different tolerance for specific foods, so even if a person has an intolerance, it may be mild so that a small amount of the food doesn’t cause a reaction until enough of the food is eaten or is consumed consistently over time.

Intolerances differ significantly from allergies. Unlike allergies, intolerances may vary from situation to situation, while an allergy always produces the same reaction.  Intolerances are caused by the body’s inability to process specific substances and may cause bloating, digestive problems such as gas and/or diarrhea, fatigue, headaches and even the inability to lose weight or weight gain.

Symptoms may be difficult to link to specific foods, environmental substances or food additives because they may not occur until hours or days later.  To complicate the situation, each individual has a different tolerance for specific foods, so even if a person has an intolerance, it may be mild so that a small amount of the food doesn’t cause a reaction until enough of the food is eaten or is consumed consistently over time.

Intolerances differ significantly from allergies. Unlike allergies, intolerances may vary from situation to situation, while an allergy always produces the same reaction.  Intolerances are caused by the body’s inability to process specific substances and may cause bloating, digestive problems such as gas and/or diarrhea, fatigue, headaches and even the inability to lose weight or weight gain.

Symptoms may be difficult to link to specific foods, environmental substances or food additives because they may not occur until hours or days later.  To complicate the situation, each individual has a different tolerance for specific foods, so even if a person has an intolerance, it may be mild so that a small amount of the food doesn’t cause a reaction until enough of the food is eaten or is consumed consistently over time.

AMH (Anti-Müllerian Hormone) is a hormone that measures your ovarian reserve, or the number of eggs you have. This test is often used in conjunction with other tests to assess fertility. AMH testing can also be used to help diagnose PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome), predict the onset of menopause, and monitor patients with certain types of ovarian cancer.

The Anemia Panel is a comprehensive panel that includes a CBC, Ferritin, Folates, Total Iron Binding Capacity with Iron, Reticulocyte Count, Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid.

A CBC (Complete Blood Count) looks at important parameters of your blood including hemoglobin level, white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets.  The Ferritin, Iron and Total Iron Binding Capacity tests work together to indicate if you have an iron deficiency, which is the most common form of anemia. The Reticulocyte  Count  can  help  determine  if  you  are  producing  enough  red  blood  cells  and  can  help determine the cause of different types of anemia. Finally, this panel will determine any Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid deficiency, often the reason for the onset of anemia.

Routine lab testing is a great way to monitor your health. It is also a good way to establish a baseline; by knowing your baseline levels, you can begin to monitor these values to see how they change over time.

If you are ready to take control of your health but you are not sure where to start, the Annual Check-Up Panel can provide valuable information. This panel consists of 5 tests that are typically ordered by a healthcare provider during an annual physical examination. These tests provide information about your blood counts, kidney function, liver function, electrolytes, cholesterol, triglycerides, hemoglobin A1c, and thyroid function. 

Antinuclear  antibodies  are  associated  with  rheumatic  diseases  including  Systemic  Lupus  Erythematous  (SLE),  mixed  connective  tissue  disease,  Sjogren’s  syndrome,  scleroderma,  polymyositis,  CREST  syndrome,  and  neurologic  SLE.

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) and Folate is necessary for normal red blood cell (RBC) formation, repair of tissues and cells, and synthesis of DNA, the genetic material in cells. Both are nutrients that cannot be produced and must be supplied by the diet.  

The Saliva Hormone Test is the best non-invasive method for discovering any type of hormone imbalance in either males or females.  Hormone imbalance can occur at any age and can be due to a multitude of reasons.

The ovaries produce many of the hormones in females, which also communicate with the brain to either increase or decrease the release of various other hormones.  The imbalance within the body can lead to symptoms experienced during a short period of time or for many years.

In men, the testes produce mainly 95% of all testosterone, which is balanced by the adrenal gland.  The brain also regulates the increase or decrease of hormones released within the body.  The irregularity of testosterone within the body may contribute to decreased bone density, decreased muscle strength and decreased libido.

THESE 3 TESTS ARE INCLUDED IN THIS PANEL:

1. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
2. Total T4
3. T3 Uptake

WHAT DOES THE THYROID GLAND DO?

The thyroid gland is responsible for regulating how your body uses energy through the production of hormones critical to proper cell and system functioning.

There are three main hormones in the thyroid system that should be balanced:

1. TSH: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone is the most important of the hormones in the thyroid system, this stimulates or acts on the thyroid gland, telling it how much of the actual thyroid hormones need to be made.
2. T4: Hormone is produced by the thyroid and travels throughout the body and is converted into T3.
3. T3: The active form of T4.  This is the hormone that goes into the cells and controls their function throughout the body.

A thyroid hormone panel screens for thyroid function and can help diagnose potential thyroid disease by examining your body’s production, levels, or usage of the different thyroid hormones.  There are two types of thyroid and thyroid hormone-related disorders:

1. Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) – symptoms may include fatigue, weight gain, a short attention span, and numbness or cold intolerance.
2. Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) – symptoms may include weight loss, persistent vomiting, increased blood pressure, hair loss, or a persistently fast heart rate.

WHY DO I NEED THIS TEST?

If there is a thyroid level imbalance in your body, you may be more susceptible to everything from osteoporosis and heart disease to infertility and fatigue.

Thyroid disorders are more common in women and they often occur with changes in other hormone levels, such as with pregnancy or with older age.

The Blood Typing and RH Factor Test determines your blood type [either A, B, AB, and O] and Rh factor [negative or positive].  Did you know there are several benefits in knowing both?

Blood type is determined by the types of antigens (or markers) on your blood cells.  Antigens are proteins on the surface of your blood cells that can cause a response from the immune system – which is good in fighting disease.

The Rh factor is a type of protein on the surface of red blood cells.  Red blood cells that contain protein are called Rh‐positive and the red blood cells that don’t are Rh‐negative. If you have Rh‐negative blood, it can be given to anyone because it can’t be identified as foreign in other people’s bodies (because it doesn’t have an antigen.)

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by an inappropriate immune response to gluten, a protein found in wheat, and related dietary protein barley and rye. Celiac disease antibody tests help diagnose and monitor the disease. The antibodies being tested are IgA and Tissue Tranglutaminase (tTG) antibody (IgA).

The Micronutrient Test measures your body’s ability to absorb vitamins, minerals and other essential nutrients.  This non-fasting blood test tells if you have a vitamin deficiency and gives you a plan for how to correct it.

More importantly, the results can help you reduce the risk of illness and disease related to such deficiencies.

The  Lipids  Panel  can  determine  if  you  have  abnormal  cholesterol  or  triglyceride  levels.  These  are important because they can also help you and your doctor determine if you’re at risk for heart disease or other coronary (heart) illnesses.

Cholesterol is fat that is produced by the liver. It can also be obtained from foods like cheeseburgers, pizza, etc. There are two kinds of cholesterol – the good and the bad.

1. High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) = Good cholesterol.
2. Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL) = Bad cholesterol.

Lipoprotein (a), also called LPa, has been identified as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and stroke.  The level of LPa in the blood is inherited and numerous studies have shown that it is a significant predictor of cardiovascular disease that is not related to other risk factors.  LPa transports LDL (“bad cholesterol”) through the blood and may directly contribute to arterial degeneration and cholesterol and plaque deposits in the arteries that obstruct the blood flow by increasing plaque size and increasing inflammation.  It is believed that LPa prevents clots from being broken down normally and promotes the uptake of LDL into blood vessel walls.

Some studies suggest that consuming fish or taking fish oil supplements or the regular consumption of moderate amounts of alcohol may reduce LPa levels.  Other exercise or diet regimens typically recommended for cholesterol reduction are usually not effective in reducing LPa.

A lipoprotein is a small protein that carries different kinds of fats like cholesterol or triglycerides.  While the body produces many different kinds of lipoproteins, some of them can have positive or protective effects on heart health. However, too much of the same can also be a risk for your heart.

A standard cholesterol panel will include things like LDL, HDL and triglycerides.  Looking at cholesterol levels, specifically the LDL (sometimes called “bad cholesterol”) and HDL (sometimes called “good cholesterol”) is important; this is a very common tool of many healthcare providers.  A more in-depth look at the different parts of this system can provide an even better idea of the balance between risk factors and protective factors. 30% of the population can have “normal” cholesterol values, but have elevated lipoprotein particle numbers. This- along with other factors and tests- could indicate an elevated risk for heart disease.

Cholesterol is a waxy substance produced by the liver; it can also be obtained from the foods you eat, like meat, dairy products, etc. High cholesterol is also known as “hyperlipidemia”. Having high cholesterol can increase your risk of stroke and heart disease. 

High cholesterol can be managed with lifestyle changes and medications. Sometimes, the medications used to treat high cholesterol can cause liver issues. Although this is not a common side effect, healthcare providers may still want to monitor liver function in their patients who take cholesterol medication.

The Cholesterol Medication Maintenance Panel is ideal for someone who is taking cholesterol medication, or for someone who needs to have their cholesterol and liver function checked on a routine basis.

A CBC is a great test to take to give you a “snapshot” of your health.  This test gives important information about the kind and the number of cells in your blood. Physicians use this information to evaluate symptoms, help diagnose conditions and treat certain illnesses (like infections).

Even if you are feeling well, routine lab testing is an important part of maintaining your health. If you are looking for a general overview of your health but you are not sure where to start, the Comprehensive Female Panel could be a good option for you. It consists of 11 tests that provide valuable information about your blood counts, kidney and liver function, electrolytes, cholesterol, hemoglobin A1c, thyroid function, and hormone levels. This panel is ideal for women of all ages who want to take control of their health. 

The Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP) is a blood test that provides valuable information about your kidney function, liver function, electrolytes, blood sugar, and more. It can be used to detect and monitor a variety of health conditions. This panel is typically requested by your healthcare provider as part of a routine check‐up or annual physical.

The Comprehensive Metabolic Panel includes 15 essential tests:

Electrolytes:

• Sodium (Na)
• Potassium (K)
• Chloride (Cl)
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
• Calcium (Ca)

Kidney Function:

• Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
• Creatinine (Cr)
• Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

Liver Function:

• Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
• Bilirubin, Total
• Aspartate Transaminase (AST)
• Alanine Transaminase (ALT)

Additional Tests:

• Albumin
• Total Protein
• Glucose

THESE 5 TESTS ARE INCLUDED IN THIS PANEL:

1. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
2. Total T4
3. Free T4
4. Free T3
5. Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies (TPO)

WHAT DOES THE THYROID GLAND DO?

The thyroid gland is responsible for regulating how your body uses energy through the production of hormones critical to proper cell and system functioning.

There are three main hormones in the thyroid system that should be balanced:

1. TSH: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone is the most important of the hormones in the thyroid system, this stimulates or acts on the thyroid gland, telling it how much of the actual thyroid hormones need to be made.
2. T4: Hormone is produced by the thyroid and travels throughout the body and is converted into T3.
3. T3: The active form of T4.  This is the hormone that goes into the cells and controls their function throughout the body.

A thyroid hormone panel screens for thyroid function and can help diagnose potential thyroid disease by examining your body’s production, levels, or usage of the different thyroid hormones.  There are two types of thyroid and thyroid hormone-related disorders:

1. Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) – symptoms may include fatigue, weight gain, a short attention span, and numbness or cold intolerance.
2. Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) – symptoms may include weight loss, persistent vomiting, increased blood pressure, hair loss, or a persistently fast heart rate.

WHY DO I NEED THIS TEST?

If there is a thyroid level imbalance in your body, you may be more susceptible to everything from osteoporosis and heart disease to infertility and fatigue.

Thyroid disorders are more common in women and they often occur with changes in other hormone levels, such as with pregnancy or with older age.

The Saliva Cortisol test is the least invasive way to measure the level of cortisol in the body.  Cortisol is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands and regulated by the hypothalamus, a part of the brain, and the pituitary gland.  Cortisol is a critical hormone that helps to break down fat and protein.  The level of cortisol in the body stimulates liver glucose production and helps to maintain blood pressure and regulate the immune system affecting inflammation.  It also helps us react to physical and emotional stress. Free cortisol, which is unbound to a protein, is found in the urine and in the saliva and cortisol levels normally fluctuate throughout the day, with levels being highest in the morning and lowest after midnight.

High levels of cortisol may be caused by Cushing Syndrome, a relatively rare disorder that could result from taking glucocorticoid-steroids for a prolonged period or an adrenal tumor.

Addison’s disease (primary or secondary) or adrenal insufficiency cause low levels of cortisol and may be a result of an autoimmune response to the adrenal glands or an adrenal tumor.  70% of primary adrenal insufficiency is caused by an autoimmune process that ultimately destroys the adrenal cortex.

Cortisol, also known as hydrocortisone, is a hormone released by the adrenal gland in response to stress.  When responding to a stressful situation cortisol prepares the body for a fight or flight response by increasing blood sugar, suppressing the immune system, and aiding in fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolism for increased energy.  Cortisol also prevents the release of substances that cause inflammation so it is used to treat diseases that cause inflammation such as rheumatoid arthritis and allergies.

Although cortisol is critical for our survival, too much cortisol is damaging to the body and can cause hyperglycemia, abdominal fat production, obesity, decreased bone density, compromised immune and inflammation response, increased blood pressure, damage to the heart, and may lead to Cushing’s syndrome.  Too little and our bodies don’t function properly either.  Damage to the adrenal gland or an autoimmune disease can reduce the amount of cortisol produced leading to weight loss, fatigue, low blood pressure, vomiting, diarrhea and loss of consciousness.

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR or sed rate) is a test that indirectly measures the degree of inflammation. Inflammation is part of the body’s immune response. It can be acute, which can show an increase in value after trauma, injury or infection. If the ESR is elevated for a long period of time, then it could be seen in conditions like autoimmune disease or cancer. The ESR is used as a screening test and not diagnostic, it provides general information about possible presence of an inflammatory condition. The ESR test has also been good indicator for diagnosis and monitoring of the following diseases, temporal arteritis, polymyaglia rheumatica, and systemic vaculitis.

The Estradiol Test measures the amount of estradiol (a female sex hormone which is basically a form of estrogen) in your blood. The test will determine your estrogen status, evaluate your ovarian function and monitor the follicular development during ovulation. In men, this test is used to assess estrogen production levels.

The Ferritin Test measures the level of ferritin molecules in the blood.

Ferritin is a protein in the body that binds to iron.  The level of ferritin correlates with the total amount of iron stored in the body.   Ferritin is low in those with iron deficiency anemia and high when levels of iron are raised.  Liver dysfunction can cause elevated ferritin levels because the liver is unable to clear it from the body.  Ferritin may also be increased when the body is inflamed or an infection is present.

A  deficiency  of  folic  acid  is  common  in  pregnant  women,  alcoholics,  or  individuals  who  do  not  have  enough  raw  fruits  and  vegetables  in  their  diet.    The  most  reliable  method  of  testing  a  folate  deficiency  is by  checking  the  folate  levels  in  both  erythrocytes  and  serum.

The Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) test measures the amount of FSH, a sex hormone produced by the pituitary gland, in your blood. In women, Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)  stimulates production of eggs and a hormone called estradiol during the first half of the menstrual cycle.  In men, Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) stimulates production of sperm.

Free T4 measures the free, unbound thyroxine levels in your bloodstream. Free T4 is typically elevated in hyperthyroidism, and lowered in hypothyroidism. Free or unbound T4 levels represent the level of hormone available for uptake and use by cells. Because the free levels of T4 represent immediately available hormone, free T4 is thought to better reflect the patient’s hormonal status than total T4.

Getting an early gender DNA test can be a fun activity for you, your family and friends! Especially as you make plans and get ready for your new baby. Our Gender Reveal test analyzes a simple blood draw sample to determine the gender of your unborn child. Gender Reveal testing is recommended as early as 8 weeks into pregnancy. This test can only be used for single pregnancies. This non-invasive prenatal test (NIPT) test has accuracy above 99%. This test analyzes the fetal DNA that circulates in maternal blood.

The Glucose (Serum) Test, also known as the Fasting Blood Glucose Test, is the most common test used to diagnose hyperglycemia (higher than normal levels of blood sugar), hypoglycemia (lower than normal levels of blood sugar) and diabetes. It’s commonly given by your doctor every year and during pregnancy. In addition, Diabetics self conduct this test multiple times a day to monitor their blood glucose.

This test is to determine if a person has an allergic reaction to gluten. Gluten is a protein found in rye, barley and wheat. The IgE test looks for antibodies which are seen in people that have a particular allergy. Allergy testing can help identify or rule out an allergy if someone is experiencing symptoms.

The Heart Health Panel provides an overview of your heart health status. This panel can be used as a baseline assessment of your heart health and possible risk. There are four components provided within the Heart Health Panel.

The Hemoglobin A1c Test is a valuable measure of the overall blood glucose levels over a period of time (2‐3 months). This test can be used to help detect pre‐diabetes and diagnose diabetes.  If you’re diabetic, this test can help determine if your disease is under control.

The C‐Reactive Protein (High Sensitivity, Cardiac) (CRP) is a blood test that measures the amount of protein (called C‐reactive Protein) in your blood that indicates inflammation.  It’s also used to assess your risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).  “High Sensitivity” means that this particular test can see if you have an increased chance of having a heart problem or heart attack.

The best way to utilize test results is to be tested two different times (typically taken two weeks apart). Your physician will take the average of the two test results to determine your risk for cardiovascular disease or the presence of inflammation.

High levels of CRP are caused by infections and many long‐term diseases. But a CRP test cannot show where the inflammation is located or what is causing it. Other tests are needed to find the cause and location of the inflammation.

The Luteinizing Hormone or LH Test measures how much of the hormone is in your blood.   The LH is produced by the pituitary gland in both men and women.

In females, this hormone helps regulate the menstrual cycle and egg production.  It is common to see LH levels rise and fall during the monthly menstrual cycle.  It is also useful in the production of estrogen and progesterone.

In males, LH is responsible for the release of testosterone (which plays a role in producing sperm).

The Osteoporosis Risk Panel includes ten different tests that evaluate your risk for osteoporosis – a debilitating disease that causes bones to become more fragile.

Calcium and Vitamin D play a large part in diagnosing osteoporosis.  If you are deficient in these minerals, this panel will tell you.  The other tests help make the panel more comprehensive and give you and your physician a better evaluation of your bones and how your body processes the minerals needed to create bone.

The Pregnancy Test (Yes or No) is a blood test that detects the presence of hCG. This test can tell you if you are pregnant or not- “Yes” or “No” (positive or negative). This test cannot tell you how far along you are in the pregnancy; if you are interested in detecting pregnancy and also knowing how far along you are, check out the Pregnancy with Gestational Age (How Far Along) Test.

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy. hCG may be detectable in blood or urine around 7-11 days after conception. It reaches peak levels between the 7th and 10th week of gestation, then declines throughout the rest of the pregnancy. hCG can also be produced in other conditions, such as hydatidiform mole, choriocarcinoma, testicular neoplasm, and more. 

The Pregnancy with Gestational Age (How Far Along) Test is a blood test that detects the presence and levels of hCG. It not only tells you if you are pregnant, but it also tells you how far along you are in the pregnancy (if you are at least 2 weeks pregnant at the time of the test).

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy. hCG may be detectable in blood or urine around 7-11 days after conception. It reaches peak levels between the 7th and 10th week of gestation, then declines throughout the rest of the pregnancy. hCG can also be produced in other conditions, such as hydatidiform mole, choriocarcinoma, testicular neoplasm, and more. 

An OB panel is a group of blood tests done to check the health or a woman during early pregnancy.

The Progesterone Test measures the amount of the hormone in your blood. Progesterone is a female hormone produced by the ovaries and it’s essential for pregnancy. It prepares the uterus for fertilization and produces breast milk. The hormone also plays a role in sexual desire.

Prolactin levels are a good measure if there is a dysfunction within your body.  Symptoms that may trigger someone to check their prolactin level include nipple discharge, headaches and visual problems, infertility (male and female), impotence, possible pituitary tumor, prolactinomas and irregular or no menstrual periods.

A renal panel is a group of tests that are used to evaluate the kidney (renal) Function. Minerals, electrolytes, proteins, and glucose are measured as part of a renal function panel.

If the kidneys are not working properly, waste products can accumulate in the blood and fluid levels could change which could cause damage to the body and be potentially life-threatening. There are a variety of conditions that can result in damage to the kidneys.

If your joints hurt from walking up stairs, opening up jars or other routine activity, you may want to take the RA Factor Test.   Rheumatoid arthritis often causes problems in several joints at the same time – affecting your smaller joints like wrists and ankles first. As the disease progresses, your shoulders, elbows, knees, hips, jaw and neck can also become involved.  Basically, your whole body hurts and it’s not fun.

Adrenal glands that are in balance produce adequate amounts of hormones to power us through the day. These hormones impact just about every process in the body, from energy production and immune activity to cellular maintenance and repair. They are key regulators of glucose, insulin and inflammation, and play a major role in bone and muscle building, mood and mental focus, stamina, sex drive and sleep cycles.

This kit tests the adrenal hormones DHEA-S and Cortisol, the master stress hormone. When individuals experience continuous stress, not only from emotional stressors (e.g., marital, financial, and occupational) but also from physical stressors (e.g., sleep deprivation, caffeine consumption, pain, extreme exercise), it can lead to changes in adrenal hormone levels, related to disorders ranging from anxiety to allergies and irritability to infertility.

This kit is available for purchase in-store or online.

This test measures the total amount of circulating thyroxine in your blood. Thyroxine, a hormone produced by the thyroid, is also known as T4. A high value can indicate hyperthyroidism, a low value can indicate hypothyroidism. Total T4 levels can be elevated due to pregnancy, and other high estrogen states, including use of estrogen replacement or birth control pills.

The Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies test assists in the diagnosis of thyroid diseases such as endemic goiter, Graves Disease, autoimmune thyroiditis, Addison’s Disease, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, Hashimoto’s Disease, and polyendocrine auto-immunopathies.

The thyroid gland is responsible for regulating how your body uses energy. The thyroid also produces hormones critical to proper cell and system functioning.

The Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) test checks your body’s production of TSH and helps screen  for thyroid disease, hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.

There are two types of thyroid disorders including:

• Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) – symptoms may include fatigue, weight gain, a short attention span, and numbness or cold intolerance.
• Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) – symptoms may include weight loss, persistent vomiting, increased blood pressure, hair loss or a persistently fast heart rate.

The Iron and Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) Test measures the amount of iron in your blood.  Having too much or too little iron in your blood can cause medical problems.  However, this test is mainly used to determine certain types of anemia.

Uric acid is the byproduct of the breakdown of purines. This test measures the level of uric acid in the blood. This blood test is used to detect high levels of uric acid in the blood to help diagnose gout. Also, the presence of high uric acid can lead to kidney stones or kidney failure. This test can also be used to monitor levels of uric acid for people that are undergoing chemotherapy or radiation treatment for cancer.

The Urinalysis can determine a number of health problems. It will see if your kidneys are functioning normally, if sugar is present in your urine, if you’re burning fat or if you have a urinary tract infection.  In addition, it can locate substances that may be causing everything from metabolic problems to kidney disorders.  Some doctors request a Urinalysis before surgery or during the early stages of pregnancy.

A bacterium known as Escherichia coli (E. coli) causes the majority of lower urinary tract infections (UTIs). Fortunately, this microorganism is treatable with several antibiotics, including trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, and nitrofurantoin.  For most people the infection will be easily eliminated with one of these antibiotics. Some doctors prescribe an antibiotic without performing a urine culture but the test can definitively identify a UTI.

The urine culture tests for the presence of a single type of bacteria.  If high counts are found the test is generally considered a positive urine culture.  If there are multiple bacteria strains, the culture may have been contaminated and the urine culture may need to be redone.  Symptoms of a UTI include pain and burning when urinating and a frequent urge to urinate.  If symptoms are present, but the urine culture is negative, you may want to consult your doctor who may order a specialized urine culture to look for a wider range of the non-diluted urine to determine if bacteria at lower counts or other microorganisms may be causing the symptoms.  The presence of low number of bacteria and the presence of white blood cells may indicate a condition known as acute urethral syndrome.

Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin that interacts with and regulates more than 200 genes in the body.  Your body absorbs Vitamin D from exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet light on exposed skin, and from plants, fortified foods and supplements.